textord/makerow.cpp

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#include          "mfcpch.h"
#ifdef __UNIX__
#include          <assert.h>
#endif
#include          "stderr.h"
#include          "blobbox.h"
#include          "lmedsq.h"
#include          "statistc.h"
#include          "drawtord.h"
#include          "blkocc.h"
#ifdef TEXT_VERBOSE
#include          "../cutil/callcpp.h"
#endif
#include          "sortflts.h"
#include          "oldbasel.h"
#include          "tordmain.h"
#include          "underlin.h"
#include          "makerow.h"
#include          "tprintf.h"

#define EXTERN

EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_heavy_nr, FALSE, "Vigorously remove noise");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_show_initial_rows, FALSE,
"Display row accumulation");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_show_parallel_rows, FALSE,
"Display page correlated rows");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_show_expanded_rows, FALSE,
"Display rows after expanding");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_show_final_rows, FALSE,
"Display rows after final fittin");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_show_final_blobs, FALSE,
"Display blob bounds after pre-ass");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_test_landscape, FALSE, "Tests refer to land/port");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_parallel_baselines, TRUE,
"Force parallel baselines");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_straight_baselines, FALSE,
"Force straight baselines");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_quadratic_baselines, FALSE, "Use quadratic splines");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_old_baselines, TRUE, "Use old baseline algorithm");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_old_xheight, TRUE, "Use old xheight algorithm");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_fix_xheight_bug, TRUE, "Use spline baseline");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_fix_makerow_bug, TRUE, "Prevent multiple baselines");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_row_xheights, FALSE, "Use row height policy");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_block_xheights, TRUE, "Use block height policy");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_xheight_tweak, FALSE, "New min condition on height");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_cblob_blockocc, TRUE,
"Use new projection for underlines");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_debug_xheights, FALSE, "Test xheight algorithms");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_biased_skewcalc, TRUE,
"Bias skew estimates with line length");
EXTERN BOOL_VAR (textord_interpolating_skew, TRUE, "Interpolate across gaps");
EXTERN INT_VAR (textord_skewsmooth_offset, 2, "For smooth factor");
EXTERN INT_VAR (textord_test_x, 0, "coord of test pt");
EXTERN INT_VAR (textord_test_y, 0, "coord of test pt");
EXTERN INT_VAR (textord_min_blobs_in_row, 4,
"Min blobs before gradient counted");
EXTERN INT_VAR (textord_spline_minblobs, 8,
"Min blobs in each spline segment");
EXTERN INT_VAR (textord_spline_medianwin, 6,
"Size of window for spline segmentation");
EXTERN INT_VAR (textord_min_xheight, 10, "Min credible pixel xheight");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_spline_shift_fraction, 0.02,
"Fraction of line spacing for quad");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_spline_outlier_fraction, 0.1,
"Fraction of line spacing for outlier");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_skew_ile, 0.5, "Ile of gradients for page skew");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_skew_lag, 0.01,
"Lag for skew on row accumulation");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_linespace_iqrlimit, 0.2,
"Max iqr/median for linespace");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_width_limit, 8, "Max width of blobs to make rows");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_chop_width, 1.5, "Max width before chopping");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_merge_desc, 0.25,
"Fraction of linespace for desc drop");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_merge_x, 0.5,
"Fraction of linespace for x height");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_merge_asc, 0.25,
"Fraction of linespace for asc height");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_minxh, 0.25,
"fraction of linesize for min xheight");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_min_linesize, 1.25,
"* blob height for initial linesize");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_excess_blobsize, 1.3,
"New row made if blob makes row this big");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_occupancy_threshold, 0.4,
"Fraction of neighbourhood");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_underline_width, 2.0,
"Multiple of line_size for underline");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_xheight_mode_fraction, 0.4,
"Min pile height to make xheight");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_ascheight_mode_fraction, 0.15,
"Min pile height to make ascheight");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_ascx_ratio_min, 1.2, "Min cap/xheight");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_ascx_ratio_max, 1.7, "Max cap/xheight");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_descx_ratio_min, 0.15, "Min desc/xheight");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_descx_ratio_max, 0.6, "Max desc/xheight");
EXTERN double_VAR (textord_xheight_error_margin, 0.1, "Accepted variation");
#define MAX_HEIGHT_MODES  12

float make_rows(                             //make rows
                ICOORD page_tr,              //top right
                BLOCK_LIST *blocks,          //block list
                TO_BLOCK_LIST *land_blocks,  //rotated for landscape
                TO_BLOCK_LIST *port_blocks   //output list
               ) {
  float port_m;                  //global skew
  float port_err;                //global noise
  //float land_m;                  //global skew
  //float land_err;                //global noise
  TO_BLOCK_IT block_it;          //iterator

  //don't do landscape for now
  //  block_it.set_to_list(land_blocks);
  //  for (block_it.mark_cycle_pt();!block_it.cycled_list();block_it.forward())
  //     make_initial_textrows(page_tr,block_it.data(),FCOORD(0,-1),
  //        (BOOL8)textord_test_landscape);

#ifdef TEXT_VERBOSE
  // gets a 'r', see ccmain/tesseractmain.dox
  cprintf("r\n");
#endif
  block_it.set_to_list (port_blocks);
  for (block_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !block_it.cycled_list ();
    block_it.forward ())
  make_initial_textrows (page_tr, block_it.data (), FCOORD (1.0f, 0.0f),
      !(BOOL8) textord_test_landscape);
                                 //compute globally
  compute_page_skew(port_blocks, port_m, port_err); 
  //  compute_page_skew(land_blocks,land_m,land_err);  //compute globally
  //  tprintf("Portrait skew gradient=%g, error=%g.\n",
  //          port_m,port_err);
  //  tprintf("Landscape skew gradient=%g, error=%g.\n",
  //          land_m,land_err);
  block_it.set_to_list (port_blocks);
  for (block_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !block_it.cycled_list ();
  block_it.forward ()) {
    cleanup_rows (page_tr, block_it.data (), port_m, FCOORD (1.0f, 0.0f),
      block_it.data ()->block->bounding_box ().left (),
      !(BOOL8) textord_test_landscape);
  }
  block_it.set_to_list (land_blocks);
  //  for (block_it.mark_cycle_pt();!block_it.cycled_list();block_it.forward())
  //  {
  //     cleanup_rows(page_tr,block_it.data(),land_m,FCOORD(0,-1),
  //                  -block_it.data()->block->bounding_box().top(),
  //                  (BOOL8)textord_test_landscape);
  //  }
  return port_m;                 //global skew
}


void make_initial_textrows(                  //find lines
                           ICOORD page_tr,
                           TO_BLOCK *block,  //block to do
                           FCOORD rotation,  //for drawing
                           BOOL8 testing_on  //correct orientation
                          ) {
  TO_ROW_IT row_it = block->get_rows ();

#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
  COLOUR colour;                 //of row

  if (textord_show_initial_rows && testing_on) {
    if (to_win == NO_WINDOW)
      create_to_win(page_tr);
  }
#endif
                                 //guess skew
  assign_blobs_to_rows (block, NULL, 0, TRUE, TRUE, textord_show_initial_rows && testing_on);
  row_it.move_to_first ();
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ())
    fit_lms_line (row_it.data ());
#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
  if (textord_show_initial_rows && testing_on) {
    colour = RED;
    for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
      plot_to_row (row_it.data (), colour, rotation);
      colour = (COLOUR) (colour + 1);
      if (colour > MAGENTA)
        colour = RED;
    }
  }
#endif
}


void fit_lms_line(             //sort function
                  TO_ROW *row  //row to fit
                 ) {
  float m, c;                    //fitted line
  BOX box;                       //blob box
  LMS lms (row->blob_list ()->length ());
                                 //blobs
  BLOBNBOX_IT blob_it = row->blob_list ();

  for (blob_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !blob_it.cycled_list (); blob_it.forward ()) {
    box = blob_it.data ()->bounding_box ();
    lms.add (FCOORD ((box.left () + box.right ()) / 2.0, box.bottom ()));
  }
  lms.fit (m, c);
  row->set_line (m, c, lms.error ());
}


void compute_page_skew(
                       TO_BLOCK_LIST *blocks,  //list of blocks
                       float &page_m,          //average gradient
                       float &page_err         //average error
                      ) {
  INT32 row_count;               //total rows
  INT32 blob_count;              //total_blobs
  INT32 row_err;                 //integer error
  float *gradients;              //of rows
  float *errors;                 //of rows
  INT32 row_index;               //of total
  TO_ROW *row;                   //current row
  TO_BLOCK_IT block_it = blocks; //iterator
  TO_ROW_IT row_it;

  row_count = 0;
  blob_count = 0;

#ifdef TEXT_VERBOSE
  // gets a 'q', see ccmain/tesseractmain.dox
  cprintf("q");
#endif
  for (block_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !block_it.cycled_list ();
  block_it.forward ()) {
    row_count += block_it.data ()->get_rows ()->length ();
    //count up rows
    row_it.set_to_list (block_it.data ()->get_rows ());
    for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ())
      blob_count += row_it.data ()->blob_list ()->length ();
  }
  if (row_count == 0) {
    page_m = 0.0f;
    page_err = 0.0f;
    return;
  }
  gradients = (float *) alloc_mem (blob_count * sizeof (float));
  //get mem
  errors = (float *) alloc_mem (blob_count * sizeof (float));
  if (gradients == NULL || errors == NULL)
    MEMORY_OUT.error ("compute_page_skew", ABORT, NULL);

  row_index = 0;
  for (block_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !block_it.cycled_list ();
  block_it.forward ()) {
    row_it.set_to_list (block_it.data ()->get_rows ());
    for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
      row = row_it.data ();
      blob_count = row->blob_list ()->length ();
      row_err = (INT32) ceil (row->line_error ());
      if (row_err <= 0)
        row_err = 1;
      if (textord_biased_skewcalc) {
        blob_count /= row_err;
        for (blob_count /= row_err; blob_count > 0; blob_count--) {
          gradients[row_index] = row->line_m ();
          errors[row_index] = row->line_error ();
          row_index++;
        }
      }
      else if (blob_count >= textord_min_blobs_in_row) {
                                 //get gradient
        gradients[row_index] = row->line_m ();
        errors[row_index] = row->line_error ();
        row_index++;
      }
    }
  }
  if (row_index == 0) {
                                 //desperate
    for (block_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !block_it.cycled_list ();
    block_it.forward ()) {
      row_it.set_to_list (block_it.data ()->get_rows ());
      for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list ();
      row_it.forward ()) {
        row = row_it.data ();
        gradients[row_index] = row->line_m ();
        errors[row_index] = row->line_error ();
        row_index++;
      }
    }
  }
  row_count = row_index;
  row_index = choose_nth_item ((INT32) (row_count * textord_skew_ile),
    gradients, row_count);
  page_m = gradients[row_index];
  row_index = choose_nth_item ((INT32) (row_count * textord_skew_ile),
    errors, row_count);
  page_err = errors[row_index];
  free_mem(gradients);
  free_mem(errors);
}

const double kNoiseSize = 0.5;
const int kMinSize = 8;

static bool dot_of_i(BLOBNBOX* dot, BLOBNBOX* i, TO_ROW* row) {
  const BOX& ibox = i->bounding_box();
  const BOX& dotbox = dot->bounding_box();

  // Must overlap horizontally by enough and be high enough.
  int overlap = MIN(dotbox.right(), ibox.right()) -
                MAX(dotbox.left(), ibox.left());
  if (ibox.height() <= 2 * dotbox.height() ||
      (overlap * 2 < ibox.width() && overlap < dotbox.width()))
    return false;

  // The i or ! must be tall and thin to be good.
  if (ibox.height() > ibox.width() * 2)
    return true;

  // It might still be tall and thin, but it might be joined to something.
  // So search the outline for a piece of large height close to the edges
  // of the dot.
  const double kHeightFraction = 0.6;
  double target_height = MIN(dotbox.bottom(), ibox.top());
  target_height -= row->line_m()*dotbox.left() + row->line_c();
  target_height *= kHeightFraction;
  int left_min = dotbox.left() - dotbox.width();
  int middle = (dotbox.left() + dotbox.right())/2;
  int right_max = dotbox.right() + dotbox.width();
  int left_miny = 0;
  int left_maxy = 0;
  int right_miny = 0;
  int right_maxy = 0;
  bool found_left = false;
  bool found_right = false;
  bool in_left = false;
  bool in_right = false;
  C_BLOB* blob = i->cblob();
  C_OUTLINE_IT o_it = blob->out_list();
  for (o_it.mark_cycle_pt(); !o_it.cycled_list(); o_it.forward()) {
    C_OUTLINE* outline = o_it.data();
    int length = outline->pathlength();
    ICOORD pos = outline->start_pos();
    for (int step = 0; step < length; pos += outline->step(step++)) {
      int x = pos.x();
      int y = pos.y();
      if (x >= left_min && x < middle && !found_left) {
        // We are in the left part so find min and max y.
        if (in_left) {
          if (y > left_maxy) left_maxy = y;
          if (y < left_miny) left_miny = y;
        } else {
          left_maxy = left_miny = y;
          in_left = true;
        }
      } else if (in_left) {
        // We just left the left so look for size.
        if (left_maxy - left_miny > target_height) {
          if (found_right)
            return true;
          found_left = true;
        }
        in_left = false;
      }
      if (x <= right_max && x > middle && !found_right) {
        // We are in the right part so find min and max y.
        if (in_right) {
          if (y > right_maxy) right_maxy = y;
          if (y < right_miny) right_miny = y;
        } else {
          right_maxy = right_miny = y;
          in_right = true;
        }
      } else if (in_right) {
        // We just left the right so look for size.
        if (right_maxy - right_miny > target_height) {
          if (found_left)
            return true;
          found_right = true;
        }
        in_right = false;
      }
    }
  }
  return false;
}

static void vigorous_noise_removal(TO_BLOCK* block) {
  TO_ROW_IT row_it = block->get_rows ();
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
    TO_ROW* row = row_it.data();
    BLOBNBOX_IT b_it = row->blob_list();
    // Estimate the xheight on the row.
    int max_height = 0;
    for (b_it.mark_cycle_pt(); !b_it.cycled_list(); b_it.forward()) {
      BLOBNBOX* blob = b_it.data();
      if (blob->bounding_box().height() > max_height)
        max_height = blob->bounding_box().height();
    }
    STATS hstats(0, max_height + 1);
    for (b_it.mark_cycle_pt(); !b_it.cycled_list(); b_it.forward()) {
      BLOBNBOX* blob = b_it.data();
      int height = blob->bounding_box().height();
      if (height >= kMinSize)
        hstats.add(blob->bounding_box().height(), 1);
    }
    float xheight = hstats.median();
    // Delete small objects.
    BLOBNBOX* prev = NULL;
    for (b_it.mark_cycle_pt(); !b_it.cycled_list(); b_it.forward()) {
      BLOBNBOX* blob = b_it.data();
      const BOX& box = blob->bounding_box();
      if (box.height() < kNoiseSize * xheight) {
        // Small so delete unless it looks like an i dot.
        if (prev != NULL) {
          if (dot_of_i(blob, prev, row))
            continue;  // Looks OK.
        }
        if (!b_it.at_last()) {
          BLOBNBOX* next = b_it.data_relative(1);
          if (dot_of_i(blob, next, row))
            continue;  // Looks OK.
        }
        // It might be noise so get rid of it.
        if (blob->blob() != NULL)
          delete blob->blob();
        if (blob->cblob() != NULL)
          delete blob->cblob();
        delete b_it.extract();
      } else {
        prev = blob;
      }
    }
  }
}

void cleanup_rows(
                  ICOORD page_tr,    //top right
                  TO_BLOCK *block,   //block to do
                  float gradient,    //gradient to fit
                  FCOORD rotation,   //for drawing
                  INT32 block_edge,  //edge of block
                  BOOL8 testing_on   //correct orientation
                 ) {
                                 //iterators
  BLOBNBOX_IT blob_it = &block->blobs;
  TO_ROW_IT row_it = block->get_rows ();

#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
  if (textord_show_parallel_rows && testing_on) {
    if (to_win == NO_WINDOW)
      create_to_win(page_tr);
  }
#endif
                                 //get row coords
  fit_parallel_rows(block,
                    gradient,
                    rotation,
                    block_edge,
                    textord_show_parallel_rows &&testing_on);
  delete_non_dropout_rows(block,
                          gradient,
                          rotation,
                          block_edge,
                          textord_show_parallel_rows &&testing_on);
  expand_rows(page_tr, block, gradient, rotation, block_edge, testing_on);
  blob_it.set_to_list (&block->blobs);
  row_it.set_to_list (block->get_rows ());
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ())
    blob_it.add_list_after (row_it.data ()->blob_list ());
  //give blobs back
  assign_blobs_to_rows (block, &gradient, 1, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE);
  //now new rows must be genuine
  blob_it.set_to_list (&block->blobs);
  blob_it.add_list_after (&block->large_blobs);
  assign_blobs_to_rows (block, &gradient, 2, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE);
  //safe to use big ones now
  blob_it.set_to_list (&block->blobs);
                                 //throw all blobs in
  blob_it.add_list_after (&block->noise_blobs);
  blob_it.add_list_after (&block->small_blobs);
  assign_blobs_to_rows (block, &gradient, 3, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE);
  //no rows for noise
  row_it.set_to_list (block->get_rows ());
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ())
    row_it.data ()->blob_list ()->sort (blob_x_order);
  fit_parallel_rows(block, gradient, rotation, block_edge, FALSE);
  // if () new in v1.03
  if (textord_heavy_nr) {
    vigorous_noise_removal(block);
  }
  separate_underlines(block, gradient, rotation, testing_on);
  pre_associate_blobs(page_tr, block, rotation, testing_on);

#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
  if (textord_show_final_rows && testing_on) {
    if (to_win == NO_WINDOW)
      create_to_win(page_tr);
  }
#endif

  fit_parallel_rows(block, gradient, rotation, block_edge, FALSE);
  //              textord_show_final_rows && testing_on);
  make_spline_rows(block,
                   gradient,
                   rotation,
                   block_edge,
                   textord_show_final_rows &&testing_on);
  if (!textord_old_xheight || !textord_old_baselines)
    compute_block_xheight(block, gradient);
  if (textord_restore_underlines)
                                 //fix underlines
    restore_underlined_blobs(block);
#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
  if (textord_show_final_rows && testing_on) {
    plot_blob_list (to_win, &block->blobs, MAGENTA, WHITE);
    //show discarded blobs
    plot_blob_list (to_win, &block->underlines, YELLOW, CORAL);
  }
  if (textord_show_final_rows && testing_on && block->blobs.length () > 0)
    tprintf ("%d blobs discarded as noise\n", block->blobs.length ());
  if (textord_show_final_rows && testing_on) {
    draw_meanlines(block, gradient, block_edge, WHITE, rotation);
  }
#endif
}


void delete_non_dropout_rows(                   //find lines
                             TO_BLOCK *block,   //block to do
                             float gradient,    //global skew
                             FCOORD rotation,   //deskew vector
                             INT32 block_edge,  //left edge
                             BOOL8 testing_on   //correct orientation
                            ) {
  BOX block_box;                 //deskewed block
  INT32 *deltas;                 //change in occupation
  INT32 *occupation;             //of pixel coords
  INT32 max_y;                   //in block
  INT32 min_y;
  INT32 line_index;              //of scan line
  INT32 line_count;              //no of scan lines
  INT32 distance;                //to drop-out
  INT32 xleft;                   //of block
  INT32 ybottom;                 //of block
  TO_ROW *row;                   //current row
  TO_ROW_IT row_it = block->get_rows ();
  BLOBNBOX_IT blob_it = &block->blobs;

#ifdef TEXT_VERBOSE
  // gets a 'n', see ccmain/tesseractmain.dox
  cprintf("n");
#endif
  if (row_it.length () == 0)
    return;                      //empty block
  block_box = deskew_block_coords (block, gradient);
  xleft = block->block->bounding_box ().left ();
  ybottom = block->block->bounding_box ().bottom ();
  min_y = block_box.bottom () - 1;
  max_y = block_box.top () + 1;
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
    line_index = (INT32) floor (row_it.data ()->intercept ());
    if (line_index <= min_y)
      min_y = line_index - 1;
    if (line_index >= max_y)
      max_y = line_index + 1;
  }
  line_count = max_y - min_y + 1;
  if (line_count <= 0)
    return;                      //empty block
  deltas = (INT32 *) alloc_mem (line_count * sizeof (INT32));
  occupation = (INT32 *) alloc_mem (line_count * sizeof (INT32));
  if (deltas == NULL || occupation == NULL)
    MEMORY_OUT.error ("compute_line_spacing", ABORT, NULL);

  compute_line_occupation(block, gradient, min_y, max_y, occupation, deltas);
  compute_occupation_threshold ((INT32)
    ceil (block->line_spacing *
    (textord_merge_desc +
    textord_merge_asc)),
    (INT32) ceil (block->line_spacing *
    (textord_merge_x +
    textord_merge_asc)),
    max_y - min_y + 1, occupation, deltas);
#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
  if (testing_on) {
    draw_occupation(xleft, ybottom, min_y, max_y, occupation, deltas);
  }
#endif
  compute_dropout_distances(occupation, deltas, line_count);
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
    row = row_it.data ();
    line_index = (INT32) floor (row->intercept ());
    distance = deltas[line_index - min_y];
    if (find_best_dropout_row (row, distance, block->line_spacing / 2,
    line_index, &row_it, testing_on)) {
#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
      if (testing_on)
        plot_parallel_row(row, gradient, block_edge, WHITE, rotation);
#endif
      blob_it.add_list_after (row_it.data ()->blob_list ());
      delete row_it.extract ();  //too far away
    }
  }
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
    blob_it.add_list_after (row_it.data ()->blob_list ());
  }

  free_mem(deltas);
  free_mem(occupation);
}


BOOL8 find_best_dropout_row(                    //find neighbours
                            TO_ROW *row,        //row to test
                            INT32 distance,     //dropout dist
                            float dist_limit,   //threshold distance
                            INT32 line_index,   //index of row
                            TO_ROW_IT *row_it,  //current position
                            BOOL8 testing_on    //correct orientation
                           ) {
  INT32 next_index;              //of neigbouring row
  INT32 row_offset;              //from current row
  INT32 abs_dist;                //absolute distance
  INT8 row_inc;                  //increment to row_index
  TO_ROW *next_row;              //nextious row

  if (testing_on)
    tprintf ("Row at %g(%g), dropout dist=%d,",
      row->intercept (), row->parallel_c (), distance);
  if (distance < 0) {
    row_inc = 1;
    abs_dist = -distance;
  }
  else {
    row_inc = -1;
    abs_dist = distance;
  }
  if (abs_dist > dist_limit) {
    if (testing_on) {
      tprintf (" too far - deleting\n");
    }
    return TRUE;
  }
  if (distance < 0 && !row_it->at_last ()
  || distance >= 0 && !row_it->at_first ()) {
    row_offset = row_inc;
    do {
      next_row = row_it->data_relative (row_offset);
      next_index = (INT32) floor (next_row->intercept ());
      if (distance < 0
        && next_index < line_index
        && next_index > line_index + distance + distance
        || distance >= 0
        && next_index > line_index
      && next_index < line_index + distance + distance) {
        if (testing_on) {
          tprintf (" nearer neighbour (%d) at %g\n",
            line_index + distance - next_index,
            next_row->intercept ());
        }
        return TRUE;             //other is nearer
      }
      else if (next_index == line_index
      || next_index == line_index + distance + distance) {
        if (row->believability () <= next_row->believability ()) {
          if (testing_on) {
            tprintf (" equal but more believable at %g (%g/%g)\n",
              next_row->intercept (),
              row->believability (),
              next_row->believability ());
          }
          return TRUE;           //other is more believable
        }
      }
      row_offset += row_inc;
    }
    while ((next_index == line_index
      || next_index == line_index + distance + distance)
      && row_offset < row_it->length ());
    if (testing_on)
      tprintf (" keeping\n");
  }
  return FALSE;
}


BOX deskew_block_coords(                  //block box
                        TO_BLOCK *block,  //block to do
                        float gradient    //global skew
                       ) {
  BOX result;                    //block bounds
  BOX blob_box;                  //of block
  FCOORD rotation;               //deskew vector
  float length;                  //of gradient vector
  TO_ROW_IT row_it = block->get_rows ();
  TO_ROW *row;                   //current row
  BLOBNBOX *blob;                //current blob
  BLOBNBOX_IT blob_it;           //iterator

  length = sqrt (gradient * gradient + 1);
  rotation = FCOORD (1 / length, -gradient / length);
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
    row = row_it.data ();
    blob_it.set_to_list (row->blob_list ());
    for (blob_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !blob_it.cycled_list ();
    blob_it.forward ()) {
      blob = blob_it.data ();
      blob_box = blob->bounding_box ();
      blob_box.rotate (rotation);//de-skew it
      result += blob_box;
    }
  }
  return result;
}


void compute_line_occupation(
                             TO_BLOCK *block,    //block to do
                             float gradient,     //global skew
                             INT32 min_y,        //min coord in block
                             INT32 max_y,        //in block
                             INT32 *occupation,  //output projection
                             INT32 *deltas       //derivative
                            ) {
  INT32 line_count;              //maxy-miny+1
  INT32 line_index;              //of scan line
  float top, bottom;             //coords of blob
  INT32 width;                   //of blob
  INT32 idx;                     //for -O3 bug on some platforms
  TO_ROW *row;                   //current row
  TO_ROW_IT row_it = block->get_rows ();
  BLOBNBOX *blob;                //current blob
  BLOBNBOX_IT blob_it;           //iterator
  float length;                  //of skew vector
  BOX blob_box;                  //bounding box
  FCOORD rotation;               //inverse of skew

  line_count = max_y - min_y + 1;
  length = sqrt (gradient * gradient + 1);
  rotation = FCOORD (1 / length, -gradient / length);
  for (line_index = 0; line_index < line_count; line_index++)
    deltas[line_index] = 0;
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
    row = row_it.data ();
    blob_it.set_to_list (row->blob_list ());
    for (blob_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !blob_it.cycled_list ();
    blob_it.forward ()) {
      blob = blob_it.data ();
      blob_box = blob->bounding_box ();
      blob_box.rotate (rotation);//de-skew it
      top = blob_box.top ();
      bottom = blob_box.bottom ();
      width =
        (INT32) floor ((FLOAT32) (blob_box.right () - blob_box.left ()));
      if ((INT32) floor (bottom) < min_y
        || (INT32) floor (bottom) - min_y >= line_count)
        fprintf (stderr,
          "Bad y coord of bottom, " INT32FORMAT "(" INT32FORMAT ","
          INT32FORMAT ")\n", (INT32) floor (bottom), min_y, max_y);
                                 //count transitions
      //for -O3 bug on some platforms
      //deltas[(INT32) floor (bottom) - min_y] += width;
      idx = (INT32) floor (bottom) - min_y;
      deltas[idx] += width;
      if ((INT32) floor (top) < min_y
        || (INT32) floor (top) - min_y >= line_count)
        fprintf (stderr,
          "Bad y coord of top, " INT32FORMAT "(" INT32FORMAT ","
          INT32FORMAT ")\n", (INT32) floor (top), min_y, max_y);
      //deltas[(INT32) floor (top) - min_y] -= width;
      idx = (INT32) floor (top) - min_y;
      deltas[idx] -= width;
    }
  }
  occupation[0] = deltas[0];
  for (line_index = 1; line_index < line_count; line_index++)
    occupation[line_index] = occupation[line_index - 1] + deltas[line_index];
}


void compute_occupation_threshold(
                                  INT32 low_window,   //below result point
                                  INT32 high_window,  //above result point
                                  INT32 line_count,   //array sizes
                                  INT32 *occupation,  //input projection
                                  INT32 *thresholds   //output thresholds
                                 ) {
  INT32 line_index;              //of thresholds line
  INT32 low_index;               //in occupation
  INT32 high_index;              //in occupation
  INT32 sum;                     //current average
  INT32 divisor;                 //to get thresholds
  INT32 min_index;               //of min occ
  INT32 min_occ;                 //min in locality
  INT32 test_index;              //for finding min

  divisor =
    (INT32) ceil ((low_window + high_window) / textord_occupancy_threshold);
  if (low_window + high_window < line_count) {
    for (sum = 0, high_index = 0; high_index < low_window; high_index++)
      sum += occupation[high_index];
    for (low_index = 0; low_index < high_window; low_index++, high_index++)
      sum += occupation[high_index];
    min_occ = occupation[0];
    min_index = 0;
    for (test_index = 1; test_index < high_index; test_index++) {
      if (occupation[test_index] <= min_occ) {
        min_occ = occupation[test_index];
        min_index = test_index;  //find min in region
      }
    }
    for (line_index = 0; line_index < low_window; line_index++)
      thresholds[line_index] = (sum - min_occ) / divisor + min_occ;
    //same out to end
    for (low_index = 0; high_index < line_count; low_index++, high_index++) {
      sum -= occupation[low_index];
      sum += occupation[high_index];
      if (occupation[high_index] <= min_occ) {
                                 //find min in region
        min_occ = occupation[high_index];
        min_index = high_index;
      }
                                 //lost min from region
      if (min_index <= low_index) {
        min_occ = occupation[low_index + 1];
        min_index = low_index + 1;
        for (test_index = low_index + 2; test_index <= high_index;
        test_index++) {
          if (occupation[test_index] <= min_occ) {
            min_occ = occupation[test_index];
                                 //find min in region
            min_index = test_index;
          }
        }
      }
      thresholds[line_index++] = (sum - min_occ) / divisor + min_occ;
    }
  }
  else {
    min_occ = occupation[0];
    min_index = 0;
    for (sum = 0, low_index = 0; low_index < line_count; low_index++) {
      if (occupation[low_index] < min_occ) {
        min_occ = occupation[low_index];
        min_index = low_index;
      }
      sum += occupation[low_index];
    }
    line_index = 0;
  }
  for (; line_index < line_count; line_index++)
    thresholds[line_index] = (sum - min_occ) / divisor + min_occ;
  //same out to end
}


void compute_dropout_distances(
                               INT32 *occupation,  //input projection
                               INT32 *thresholds,  //output thresholds
                               INT32 line_count    //array sizes
                              ) {
  INT32 line_index;              //of thresholds line
  INT32 distance;                //from prev dropout
  INT32 next_dist;               //to next dropout
  INT32 back_index;              //for back filling
  INT32 prev_threshold;          //before overwrite

  distance = -line_count;
  line_index = 0;
  do {
    do {
      distance--;
      prev_threshold = thresholds[line_index];
                                 //distance from prev
      thresholds[line_index] = distance;
      line_index++;
    }
    while (line_index < line_count
      && (occupation[line_index] < thresholds[line_index]
      || occupation[line_index - 1] >= prev_threshold));
    if (line_index < line_count) {
      back_index = line_index - 1;
      next_dist = 1;
      while (next_dist < -distance && back_index >= 0) {
        thresholds[back_index] = next_dist;
        back_index--;
        next_dist++;
        distance++;
      }
      distance = 1;
    }
  }
  while (line_index < line_count);
}


void expand_rows(                   //find lines
                 ICOORD page_tr,    //top right
                 TO_BLOCK *block,   //block to do
                 float gradient,    //gradient to fit
                 FCOORD rotation,   //for drawing
                 INT32 block_edge,  //edge of block
                 BOOL8 testing_on   //correct orientation
                ) {
  BOOL8 swallowed_row;           //eaten a neighbour
  float y_max, y_min;            //new row limits
  float y_bottom, y_top;         //allowed limits
  TO_ROW *test_row;              //next row
  TO_ROW *row;                   //current row
                                 //iterators
  BLOBNBOX_IT blob_it = &block->blobs;
  TO_ROW_IT row_it = block->get_rows ();

#ifdef TEXT_VERBOSE
  // gets a 'x', see ccmain/tesseractmain.dox
  cprintf("x");
#endif
#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
  if (textord_show_expanded_rows && testing_on) {
    if (to_win == NO_WINDOW)
      create_to_win(page_tr);
  }
#endif

  adjust_row_limits(block);  //shift min,max.
  if (textord_new_initial_xheight) {
    if (block->get_rows ()->length () == 0)
      return;
    compute_row_stats(block, textord_show_expanded_rows &&testing_on);
  }
  assign_blobs_to_rows (block, &gradient, 4, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE);
  //get real membership
  if (block->get_rows ()->length () == 0)
    return;
  fit_parallel_rows(block,
                    gradient,
                    rotation,
                    block_edge,
                    textord_show_expanded_rows &&testing_on);
  if (!textord_new_initial_xheight)
    compute_row_stats(block, textord_show_expanded_rows &&testing_on);
  row_it.move_to_last ();
  do {
    row = row_it.data ();
    y_max = row->max_y ();       //get current limits
    y_min = row->min_y ();
    y_bottom = row->intercept () - block->line_size * textord_merge_desc;
    y_top = row->intercept () + block->line_size
      * (textord_merge_x + textord_merge_asc);
    if (y_min > y_bottom) {      //expansion allowed
                                 //expandable
      swallowed_row = TRUE;
      while (swallowed_row && !row_it.at_last ()) {
        swallowed_row = FALSE;
                                 //get next one
        test_row = row_it.data_relative (1);
                                 //overlaps space
        if (test_row->max_y () > y_bottom) {
          if (test_row->min_y () > y_bottom) {
            row_it.forward ();
#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
            if (textord_show_expanded_rows && testing_on)
              plot_parallel_row(test_row,
                                gradient,
                                block_edge,
                                WHITE,
                                rotation);
#endif
            blob_it.set_to_list (row->blob_list ());
            blob_it.add_list_after (test_row->blob_list ());
                                 //swallow complete row
            delete row_it.extract ();
            row_it.backward ();
            swallowed_row = TRUE;
          }
          else if (test_row->max_y () < y_min)
                                 //shorter limit
            y_bottom = test_row->max_y ();
          else
            y_bottom = y_min;    //can't expand it
        }
      }
      y_min = y_bottom;          //expand it
    }
    if (y_max < y_top) {         //expansion allowed
      swallowed_row = TRUE;
      while (swallowed_row && !row_it.at_first ()) {
        swallowed_row = FALSE;
                                 //get one above
        test_row = row_it.data_relative (-1);
        if (test_row->min_y () < y_top) {
          if (test_row->max_y () < y_top) {
            row_it.backward ();
            blob_it.set_to_list (row->blob_list ());
#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
            if (textord_show_expanded_rows && testing_on)
              plot_parallel_row(test_row,
                                gradient,
                                block_edge,
                                WHITE,
                                rotation);
#endif
            blob_it.add_list_after (test_row->blob_list ());
                                 //swallow complete row
            delete row_it.extract ();
            row_it.forward ();
            swallowed_row = TRUE;
          }
          else if (test_row->min_y () < y_max)
                                 //shorter limit
            y_top = test_row->min_y ();
          else
            y_top = y_max;       //can't expand it

        }
      }
      y_max = y_top;
    }
                                 //new limits
    row->set_limits (y_min, y_max);
    row_it.backward ();
  }
  while (!row_it.at_last ());
}


void adjust_row_limits(                 //tidy limits
                       TO_BLOCK *block  //block to do
                      ) {
  TO_ROW *row;                   //current row
  float size;                    //size of row
  float ymax;                    //top of row
  float ymin;                    //bottom of row
  TO_ROW_IT row_it = block->get_rows ();

  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
    row = row_it.data ();
    size = row->max_y () - row->min_y ();
    size /= textord_merge_x + textord_merge_asc + textord_merge_desc;
    ymax = size * (textord_merge_x + textord_merge_asc);
    ymin = -size * textord_merge_desc;
    row->set_limits (row->intercept () + ymin, row->intercept () + ymax);
    row->merged = FALSE;
  }
}


void compute_row_stats(                  //find lines
                       TO_BLOCK *block,  //block to do
                       BOOL8 testing_on  //correct orientation
                      ) {
  INT32 row_index;               //of median
  TO_ROW *row;                   //current row
  TO_ROW *prev_row;              //previous row
  float iqr;                     //inter quartile range
  TO_ROW_IT row_it = block->get_rows ();
                                 //number of rows
  INT16 rowcount = row_it.length ();
  TO_ROW **rows;                 //for choose nth

  rows = (TO_ROW **) alloc_mem (rowcount * sizeof (TO_ROW *));
  if (rows == NULL)
    MEMORY_OUT.error ("compute_row_stats", ABORT, NULL);
  rowcount = 0;
  prev_row = NULL;
  row_it.move_to_last ();        //start at bottom
  do {
    row = row_it.data ();
    if (prev_row != NULL) {
      rows[rowcount++] = prev_row;
      prev_row->spacing = row->intercept () - prev_row->intercept ();
      if (testing_on)
        tprintf ("Row at %g yields spacing of %g\n",
          row->intercept (), prev_row->spacing);
    }
    prev_row = row;
    row_it.backward ();
  }
  while (!row_it.at_last ());
  block->key_row = prev_row;
  block->baseline_offset =
    fmod (prev_row->parallel_c (), block->line_spacing);
  if (testing_on)
    tprintf ("Blob based spacing=(%g,%g), offset=%g",
      block->line_size, block->line_spacing, block->baseline_offset);
  if (rowcount > 0) {
    row_index = choose_nth_item (rowcount * 3 / 4, rows, rowcount,
      sizeof (TO_ROW *), row_spacing_order);
    iqr = rows[row_index]->spacing;
    row_index = choose_nth_item (rowcount / 4, rows, rowcount,
      sizeof (TO_ROW *), row_spacing_order);
    iqr -= rows[row_index]->spacing;
    row_index = choose_nth_item (rowcount / 2, rows, rowcount,
      sizeof (TO_ROW *), row_spacing_order);
    block->key_row = rows[row_index];
    if (testing_on)
      tprintf (" row based=%g(%g)", rows[row_index]->spacing, iqr);
    if (rowcount > 2
    && iqr < rows[row_index]->spacing * textord_linespace_iqrlimit) {
      if (!textord_new_initial_xheight) {
        if (rows[row_index]->spacing < block->line_spacing
          && rows[row_index]->spacing > block->line_size)
          //within range
          block->line_size = rows[row_index]->spacing;
        //spacing=size
        else if (rows[row_index]->spacing > block->line_spacing)
          block->line_size = block->line_spacing;
        //too big so use max
      }
      else {
        if (rows[row_index]->spacing < block->line_spacing)
          block->line_size = rows[row_index]->spacing;
        else
          block->line_size = block->line_spacing;
        //too big so use max
      }
      if (block->line_size < textord_min_xheight)
        block->line_size = (float) textord_min_xheight;
      block->line_spacing = rows[row_index]->spacing;
      block->max_blob_size =
        block->line_spacing * textord_excess_blobsize;
    }
    block->baseline_offset = fmod (rows[row_index]->intercept (),
      block->line_spacing);
  }
  if (testing_on)
    tprintf ("\nEstimate line size=%g, spacing=%g, offset=%g\n",
      block->line_size, block->line_spacing, block->baseline_offset);
  free_mem(rows);
}


void compute_block_xheight(                  //find lines
                           TO_BLOCK *block,  //block to do
                           float gradient    //global skew
                          ) {
  TO_ROW *row;                   //current row
  int xh_count, desc_count;      //no of samples
  float block_median;            //median blob size
  int asc_count, cap_count;
  INT32 min_size, max_size;      //limits on xheight
  INT32 evidence;                //no of samples on row
  float xh_sum, desc_sum;        //for averages
  float asc_sum, cap_sum;
  TO_ROW_IT row_it = block->get_rows ();
  STATS row_heights;             //block evidence

  if (row_it.empty ())
    return;                      //no rows
  block_median = median_block_xheight (block, gradient);
  block_median *= 2;
  if (block_median < block->line_size)
    block_median = block->line_size;
  //      tprintf("Block median=%g, linesize=%g\n",
  //              block_median,block->line_size);
  max_size = (INT32) ceil (block_median);
  min_size = (INT32) floor (block_median * textord_minxh);
  row_heights.set_range (min_size, max_size + 1);
  xh_count = desc_count = asc_count = cap_count = 0;
  xh_sum = desc_sum = asc_sum = cap_sum = 0.0f;
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
    row = row_it.data ();
    evidence = compute_row_xheight (row, min_size, max_size, gradient);
    if (row->xheight > 0 && row->ascrise > 0) {
      row_heights.add ((INT32) row->xheight, evidence);
      xh_count += evidence;
      asc_sum += row->ascrise;
      asc_count++;
    }
    else if (row->xheight > 0) {
      cap_sum += row->xheight;   //assume just caps
      cap_count++;
    }
    if (row->descdrop != 0) {
      desc_sum += row->descdrop;
      desc_count++;
    }
  }
  if (xh_count > 0) {
                                 //median
    xh_sum = row_heights.ile (0.5);
    asc_sum /= asc_count;
  }
  else if (cap_count > 0) {
    cap_sum /= cap_count;        //must assume caps
    xh_sum =
      cap_sum * textord_merge_x / (textord_merge_x + textord_merge_asc);
    asc_sum =
      cap_sum * textord_merge_asc / (textord_merge_x + textord_merge_asc);
  }
  else {
                                 //default sizes
    xh_sum = block_median * textord_merge_x;
    asc_sum = block_median * textord_merge_asc;
  }
  if (desc_count > 0) {
    desc_sum /= desc_count;
  }
  else {
    desc_sum = xh_sum * textord_merge_desc / textord_merge_x;
  }
  // tprintf("Block average x height=%g, count=%d, asc=%g/%d, desc=%g/%d,cap=%g/%d\n",
  //         xh_sum,xh_count,asc_sum,asc_count,desc_sum,desc_count,
  //         cap_sum,cap_count);
  if (xh_sum < textord_min_xheight)
    xh_sum = (float) textord_min_xheight;
  block->xheight = xh_sum;
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
    correct_row_xheight (row_it.data (), xh_sum, asc_sum, desc_sum);
  }
}


float median_block_xheight(                  //find lines
                           TO_BLOCK *block,  //block to do
                           float gradient    //global skew
                          ) {
  TO_ROW *row;                   //current row
  float result;                  //output size
  float xcentre;                 //centre of blob
  TO_ROW_IT row_it = block->get_rows ();
  BLOBNBOX_IT blob_it;
  BLOBNBOX *blob;                //current blob
  float *heights;                //for choose nth
  INT32 blob_count;              //blobs in block
  INT32 blob_index;              //current blob

  blob_count = 0;
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ())
    blob_count += row_it.data ()->blob_list ()->length ();
  heights = (float *) alloc_mem (blob_count * sizeof (float));
  if (heights == NULL)
    MEMORY_OUT.error ("compute_row_stats", ABORT, NULL);

  blob_index = 0;
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
    row = row_it.data ();
    blob_it.set_to_list (row->blob_list ());
    for (blob_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !blob_it.cycled_list ();
    blob_it.forward ()) {
      blob = blob_it.data ();
      if (!blob->joined_to_prev ()) {
        xcentre =
          (blob->bounding_box ().left () +
          blob->bounding_box ().right ()) / 2.0f;
        heights[blob_index] =
          blob->bounding_box ().top () - gradient * xcentre -
          row->parallel_c ();
        if (heights[blob_index] > 0)
          blob_index++;
      }
    }
  }
  ASSERT_HOST (blob_index > 0);  //dont expect 0
  blob_count = blob_index;
  blob_index = choose_nth_item (blob_count / 2, heights, blob_count);
  result = heights[blob_index];
  free_mem(heights);
  return result;
}


INT32 compute_row_xheight(                   //find lines
                          TO_ROW *row,       //row to do
                          INT32 min_height,  //min xheight
                          INT32 max_height,  //max xheight
                          float gradient     //global skew
                         ) {
  BOOL8 in_best_pile;            //control of mode size
  INT32 prev_size;               //previous size
  float xcentre;                 //centre of blob
  float height;                  //height of blob
  BLOBNBOX_IT blob_it = row->blob_list ();
  BLOBNBOX *blob;                //current blob
  INT32 blob_count;              //blobs in block
  INT32 x;                       //xheight index
  INT32 asc;                     //ascender index
  INT32 blob_index;              //current blob
  INT32 mode_count;              //no of modes
  INT32 best_count;              //count of best x so far
  float ratio;                   //size ratio
  INT32 modes[MAX_HEIGHT_MODES]; //biggest piles
  STATS heights (min_height, max_height + 1);

  for (blob_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !blob_it.cycled_list (); blob_it.forward ()) {
    blob = blob_it.data ();
    if (!blob->joined_to_prev ()) {
      xcentre =
        (blob->bounding_box ().left () +
        blob->bounding_box ().right ()) / 2.0f;
      height = blob->bounding_box ().top ();
      if (textord_fix_xheight_bug)
        height -= row->baseline.y (xcentre);
      else
        height -= gradient * xcentre + row->parallel_c ();
      if (height >= min_height && height <= max_height
        && (!textord_xheight_tweak || height > textord_min_xheight))
        heights.add ((INT32) floor (height + 0.5), 1);
    }
  }
  blob_index = heights.mode ();  //find mode
                                 //get count of mode
  blob_count = heights.pile_count (blob_index);
  if (textord_debug_xheights)
    tprintf ("min_height=%d, max_height=%d, mode=%d, count=%d, total=%d,%d\n",
      min_height, max_height, blob_index, blob_count,
      heights.get_total (), row->blob_list ()->length ());
  row->ascrise = 0.0f;
  row->xheight = 0.0f;
  row->descdrop = 0.0f;          //undefined;
  in_best_pile = FALSE;
  prev_size = -MAX_INT32;
  best_count = 0;
  if (blob_count > 0) {
                                 //get biggest ones
    mode_count = compute_height_modes (&heights, min_height, max_height, modes, MAX_HEIGHT_MODES);
    for (x = 0; x < mode_count - 1; x++) {
      if (modes[x] != prev_size + 1)
        in_best_pile = FALSE;    //had empty height
      if (heights.pile_count (modes[x])
        >= blob_count * textord_xheight_mode_fraction
      && (in_best_pile || heights.pile_count (modes[x]) > best_count)) {
        for (asc = x + 1; asc < mode_count; asc++) {
          ratio = (float) modes[asc] / modes[x];
          if (textord_ascx_ratio_min < ratio
            && ratio < textord_ascx_ratio_max
            && heights.pile_count (modes[asc])
          >= blob_count * textord_ascheight_mode_fraction) {
            if (heights.pile_count (modes[x]) > best_count) {
              in_best_pile = TRUE;
              best_count = heights.pile_count (modes[x]);
            }
            // tprintf("X=%d, asc=%d, count=%d,  ratio=%g\n",
            //         modes[x],modes[asc]-modes[x],
            //         heights.pile_count(modes[x]),
            //         ratio);
            prev_size = modes[x];
            row->xheight = (float) modes[x];
            row->ascrise = (float) (modes[asc] - modes[x]);
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (row->xheight == 0) {
                                 //single mode
      row->xheight = (float) blob_index;
      row->ascrise = 0.0f;
      if (textord_debug_xheights)
        tprintf ("Single mode xheight set to %g\n", row->xheight);
    }
    else if (textord_debug_xheights)
      tprintf ("Multi-mode xheight set to %g, asc=%g\n",
          row->xheight, row->ascrise);
    row->descdrop = (float) compute_row_descdrop (row, gradient);
    //find descenders
  }
  return best_count;
}


INT32 compute_row_descdrop(                //find lines
                           TO_ROW *row,    //row to do
                           float gradient  //global skew
                          ) {
  INT32 min_height = (INT32) floor (row->xheight * textord_descx_ratio_min);
  INT32 max_height = (INT32) floor (row->xheight * textord_descx_ratio_max);
  float xcentre;                 //centre of blob
  float height;                  //height of blob
  BLOBNBOX_IT blob_it = row->blob_list ();
  BLOBNBOX *blob;                //current blob
  INT32 blob_count;              //blobs in block
  INT32 blob_index;              //current blob
  STATS heights (min_height, max_height + 1);

  for (blob_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !blob_it.cycled_list (); blob_it.forward ()) {
    blob = blob_it.data ();
    if (!blob->joined_to_prev ()) {
      xcentre =
        (blob->bounding_box ().left () +
        blob->bounding_box ().right ()) / 2.0f;
      height =
        gradient * xcentre + row->parallel_c () -
        blob->bounding_box ().bottom ();
      if (height >= min_height && height <= max_height)
        heights.add ((INT32) floor (height + 0.5), 1);
    }
  }
  blob_index = heights.mode ();  //find mode
                                 //get count of mode
  blob_count = heights.pile_count (blob_index);
  return blob_count > 0 ? -blob_index : 0;
}


INT32 compute_height_modes(                   //find lines
                           STATS *heights,    //stats to search
                           INT32 min_height,  //bottom of range
                           INT32 max_height,  //top of range
                           INT32 *modes,      //output array
                           INT32 maxmodes     //size of modes
                          ) {
  INT32 pile_count;              //no in source pile
  INT32 src_count;               //no of source entries
  INT32 src_index;               //current entry
  INT32 least_count;             //height of smalllest
  INT32 least_index;             //index of least
  INT32 dest_count;              //index in modes

  src_count = max_height + 1 - min_height;
  dest_count = 0;
  least_count = MAX_INT32;
  least_index = -1;
  for (src_index = 0; src_index < src_count; src_index++) {
    pile_count = heights->pile_count (min_height + src_index);
    if (pile_count > 0) {
      if (dest_count < maxmodes) {
        if (pile_count < least_count) {
                                 //find smallest in array
          least_count = pile_count;
          least_index = dest_count;
        }
        modes[dest_count++] = min_height + src_index;
      }
      else if (pile_count >= least_count) {
        while (least_index < maxmodes - 1) {
          modes[least_index] = modes[least_index + 1];
          //shuffle up
          least_index++;
        }
                                 //new one on end
        modes[maxmodes - 1] = min_height + src_index;
        if (pile_count == least_count) {
                                 //new smallest
          least_index = maxmodes - 1;
        }
        else {
          least_count = heights->pile_count (modes[0]);
          least_index = 0;
          for (dest_count = 1; dest_count < maxmodes; dest_count++) {
            pile_count = heights->pile_count (modes[dest_count]);
            if (pile_count < least_count) {
                                 //find smallest
              least_count = pile_count;
              least_index = dest_count;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return dest_count;
}


void correct_row_xheight(                //fix bad values
                         TO_ROW *row,    //row to fix
                         float xheight,  //average values
                         float ascrise,
                         float descdrop) {
  if (textord_row_xheights) {
    if (row->xheight <= 0)
      row->xheight = xheight;
    if (row->ascrise < row->xheight * (textord_ascx_ratio_min - 1)) {
      if (row->xheight >= xheight * (1 - textord_xheight_error_margin)
      && row->xheight <= xheight * (1 + textord_xheight_error_margin)) {
        row->all_caps = FALSE;
        row->ascrise = ascrise;
      }
      else if (row->xheight >=
        (xheight + ascrise) * (1 - textord_xheight_error_margin)
        && row->xheight <=
      (xheight + ascrise) * (1 + textord_xheight_error_margin)) {
        row->all_caps = TRUE;
                                 //it was caps
        row->ascrise = row->xheight - xheight;
        row->xheight = xheight;
      }
      else {
        row->all_caps = TRUE;
        row->ascrise = row->xheight * ascrise / (xheight + ascrise);
        row->xheight -= row->ascrise;
      }
    }
    else
      row->all_caps = FALSE;
    row->ascrise = ascrise;
    if (row->descdrop >= -row->xheight * (textord_ascx_ratio_min - 1))
      row->descdrop = descdrop;
  }
  else {
    if (row->xheight < xheight * (1 - textord_xheight_error_margin)
      || row->xheight > xheight * (1 + textord_xheight_error_margin))
      row->xheight = xheight;    //set to average
    row->all_caps = row->ascrise <= 0;
    if (row->ascrise < ascrise * (1 - textord_xheight_error_margin)
      || row->ascrise > ascrise * (1 + textord_xheight_error_margin))
      row->ascrise = ascrise;    //set to average
    if (row->descdrop < descdrop * (1 - textord_xheight_error_margin)
      || row->descdrop > descdrop * (1 + textord_xheight_error_margin))
      row->descdrop = descdrop;  //set to average
  }
}


void separate_underlines(                  //make rough chars
                         TO_BLOCK *block,  //block to do
                         float gradient,   //skew angle
                         FCOORD rotation,  //inverse landscape
                         BOOL8 testing_on  //correct orientation
                        ) {
  BLOBNBOX *blob;                //current blob
  PBLOB *poly_blob;              //rotated blob
  C_BLOB *rotated_blob;          //rotated blob
  TO_ROW *row;                   //current row
  float length;                  //of g_vec
  BOX blob_box;
  FCOORD blob_rotation;          //inverse of rotation
  FCOORD g_vec;                  //skew rotation
  BLOBNBOX_IT blob_it;           //iterator
                                 //iterator
  BLOBNBOX_IT under_it = &block->underlines;
  TO_ROW_IT row_it = block->get_rows ();

#ifdef TEXT_VERBOSE
  // gets a 'u', see ccmain/tesseractmain.dox
  cprintf("u");
#endif
                                 //length of vector
  length = sqrt (1 + gradient * gradient);
  g_vec = FCOORD (1 / length, -gradient / length);
  blob_rotation = FCOORD (rotation.x (), -rotation.y ());
  blob_rotation.rotate (g_vec);  //unoding everything
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
    row = row_it.data ();
                                 //get blobs
    blob_it.set_to_list (row->blob_list ());
    for (blob_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !blob_it.cycled_list ();
    blob_it.forward ()) {
      blob = blob_it.data ();
      blob_box = blob->bounding_box ();
      if (blob_box.width () > block->line_size * textord_underline_width) {
        if (textord_cblob_blockocc && blob->cblob () != NULL) {
          rotated_blob = crotate_cblob (blob->cblob (),
            blob_rotation);
          if (test_underline (testing_on && textord_show_final_rows,
            rotated_blob, (INT16) row->intercept (),
            (INT16) (block->line_size *
            (textord_merge_x +
          textord_merge_asc / 2.0f)))) {
            under_it.add_after_then_move (blob_it.extract ());
            if (testing_on && textord_show_final_rows) {
              tprintf ("Underlined blob at (%d,%d)->(%d,%d) ",
                rotated_blob->bounding_box ().left (),
                rotated_blob->bounding_box ().bottom (),
                rotated_blob->bounding_box ().right (),
                rotated_blob->bounding_box ().top ());
              tprintf ("(Was (%d,%d)->(%d,%d))\n",
                blob_box.left (), blob_box.bottom (),
                blob_box.right (), blob_box.top ());
            }
          }
          delete rotated_blob;
        }
        else {
          if (blob->blob () != NULL) {
            //  if (testing_on && textord_show_final_rows)
            //      tprintf("Rotating by (%g,%g)\n",
            //              blob_rotation.x(),blob_rotation.y());
            poly_blob = rotate_blob (blob->blob (), blob_rotation);
          }
          else
            poly_blob = rotate_cblob (blob->cblob (),
              block->line_size,
              blob_rotation);
          if (test_underline
            (testing_on
            && textord_show_final_rows, poly_blob,
            row->intercept (),
            block->line_size * (textord_merge_x +
          textord_merge_asc / 2))) {
            if (testing_on && textord_show_final_rows) {
              tprintf ("Underlined blob at (%d,%d)->(%d,%d) ",
                poly_blob->bounding_box ().left (),
                poly_blob->bounding_box ().bottom (),
                poly_blob->bounding_box ().right (),
                poly_blob->bounding_box ().top ());
              tprintf ("(Was (%d,%d)->(%d,%d))\n",
                blob_box.left (), blob_box.bottom (),
                blob_box.right (), blob_box.top ());
            }
            under_it.add_after_then_move (blob_it.extract ());
          }
          delete poly_blob;
        }
      }
    }
  }
}


void pre_associate_blobs(                  //make rough chars
                         ICOORD page_tr,   //top right
                         TO_BLOCK *block,  //block to do
                         FCOORD rotation,  //inverse landscape
                         BOOL8 testing_on  //correct orientation
                        ) {
#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
  COLOUR colour;                 //of boxes
#endif
  INT16 overlap;                 //of adjacent boxes
  BLOBNBOX *blob;                //current blob
  BLOBNBOX *nextblob;            //next in list
  BOX blob_box;
  BOX next_box;                  //next blob
  FCOORD blob_rotation;          //inverse of rotation
  BLOBNBOX_IT blob_it;           //iterator
  BLOBNBOX_IT start_it;          //iterator
  TO_ROW_IT row_it = block->get_rows ();

#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
  colour = RED;
#endif

  blob_rotation = FCOORD (rotation.x (), -rotation.y ());
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
                                 //get blobs
    blob_it.set_to_list (row_it.data ()->blob_list ());
    for (blob_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !blob_it.cycled_list ();
    blob_it.forward ()) {
      blob = blob_it.data ();
      blob_box = blob->bounding_box ();
      start_it = blob_it;        //save start point
      //   if (testing_on && textord_show_final_blobs)
      //   {
      //      tprintf("Blob at (%d,%d)->(%d,%d), addr=%x, count=%d\n",
      //              blob_box.left(),blob_box.bottom(),
      //              blob_box.right(),blob_box.top(),
      //              (void*)blob,blob_it.length());
      //   }
      do {
        if (!blob_it.at_last ()) {
          nextblob = blob_it.data_relative (1);
          next_box = nextblob->bounding_box ();
          overlap = next_box.width ();
          if (blob_box.left () > next_box.left ())
            overlap -= blob_box.left () - next_box.left ();
          if (blob_box.right () < next_box.right ())
            overlap -= next_box.right () - blob_box.right ();
          if (overlap >= next_box.width () / 2
          || overlap >= blob_box.width () / 2) {
                                 //merge new blob
            blob->merge (nextblob);
                                 //get bigger box
            blob_box = blob->bounding_box ();
            blob_it.forward ();
          }
          else
            overlap = -1;        //no overlap
        }
        else
          overlap = -1;          //no overlap
      }
      while (overlap >= 0);
      blob->chop (&start_it, &blob_it,
        blob_rotation,
        block->line_size * textord_merge_x *
        textord_chop_width);
      //attempt chop
    }
#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
    if (testing_on && textord_show_final_blobs) {
      if (to_win == NO_WINDOW)
        create_to_win(page_tr);
      perimeter_color_index(to_win, colour);
      interior_style(to_win, INT_HOLLOW, TRUE);
      for (blob_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !blob_it.cycled_list ();
      blob_it.forward ()) {
        blob = blob_it.data ();
        blob_box = blob->bounding_box ();
        blob_box.rotate (rotation);
        if (!blob->joined_to_prev ()) {
          rectangle (to_win, blob_box.left (), blob_box.bottom (),
            blob_box.right (), blob_box.top ());
        }
      }
      colour = (COLOUR) (colour + 1);
      if (colour > MAGENTA)
        colour = RED;
    }
#endif
  }
}


void fit_parallel_rows(                   //find lines
                       TO_BLOCK *block,   //block to do
                       float gradient,    //gradient to fit
                       FCOORD rotation,   //for drawing
                       INT32 block_edge,  //edge of block
                       BOOL8 testing_on   //correct orientation
                      ) {
#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
  COLOUR colour;                 //of row
#endif
  TO_ROW_IT row_it = block->get_rows ();

  row_it.move_to_first ();
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
    if (row_it.data ()->blob_list ()->empty ())
      delete row_it.extract ();  //nothing in it
    else
      fit_parallel_lms (gradient, row_it.data ());
  }
#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
  if (testing_on) {
    colour = RED;
    for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
      plot_parallel_row (row_it.data (), gradient,
        block_edge, colour, rotation);
      colour = (COLOUR) (colour + 1);
      if (colour > MAGENTA)
        colour = RED;
    }
  }
#endif
  row_it.sort (row_y_order);     //may have gone out of order
}


void fit_parallel_lms(                 //sort function
                      float gradient,  //forced gradient
                      TO_ROW *row      //row to fit
                     ) {
  float c;                       //fitted line
  int blobcount;                 //no of blobs
  BOX box;                       //blob box
  LMS lms (row->blob_list ()->length ());
                                 //blobs
  BLOBNBOX_IT blob_it = row->blob_list ();

#ifdef TEXT_VERBOSE
  // gets a 'm', see ccmain/tesseractmain.dox
  cprintf("m");
#endif
  blobcount = 0;
  for (blob_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !blob_it.cycled_list (); blob_it.forward ()) {
    if (!blob_it.data ()->joined_to_prev ()) {
      box = blob_it.data ()->bounding_box ();
      lms.
        add (FCOORD ((box.left () + box.right ()) / 2.0, box.bottom ()));
      blobcount++;
    }
  }
  lms.constrained_fit (gradient, c);
  row->set_parallel_line (gradient, c, lms.error ());
  if (textord_straight_baselines && blobcount > lms_line_trials) {
    lms.fit (gradient, c);
  }
                                 //set the other too
  row->set_line (gradient, c, lms.error ());
}


void make_spline_rows(                   //find lines
                      TO_BLOCK *block,   //block to do
                      float gradient,    //gradient to fit
                      FCOORD rotation,   //for drawing
                      INT32 block_edge,  //edge of block
                      BOOL8 testing_on   //correct orientation
                     ) {
  COLOUR colour;                 //of row
  TO_ROW_IT row_it = block->get_rows ();

  row_it.move_to_first ();
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
    if (row_it.data ()->blob_list ()->empty ())
      delete row_it.extract ();  //nothing in it
    else
      make_baseline_spline (row_it.data (), block);
  }
  if (textord_old_baselines) {
#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
    if (testing_on) {
      colour = RED;
      for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list ();
      row_it.forward ()) {
        row_it.data ()->baseline.plot (to_win, colour);
        colour = (COLOUR) (colour + 1);
        if (colour > MAGENTA)
          colour = RED;
      }
    }
#endif
    make_old_baselines(block, testing_on);
  }
#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
  if (testing_on) {
    colour = RED;
    for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
      row_it.data ()->baseline.plot (to_win, colour);
      colour = (COLOUR) (colour + 1);
      if (colour > MAGENTA)
        colour = RED;
    }
  }
#endif
}


void make_baseline_spline(                 //sort function
                          TO_ROW *row,     //row to fit
                          TO_BLOCK *block  //block it came from
                         ) {
  float b, c;                    //fitted curve
  float middle;                  //x middle of blob
  BOX box;                       //blob box
  LMS lms (row->blob_list ()->length ());
                                 //blobs
  BLOBNBOX_IT blob_it = row->blob_list ();
  INT32 *xstarts;                //spline boundaries
  double *coeffs;                //quadratic coeffs
  INT32 segments;                //no of segments
  INT32 segment;                 //current segment

  xstarts =
    (INT32 *) alloc_mem ((row->blob_list ()->length () + 1) * sizeof (INT32));
  if (segment_baseline (row, block, segments, xstarts)
  && !textord_straight_baselines && !textord_parallel_baselines) {
    if (textord_quadratic_baselines) {
      coeffs = (double *) alloc_mem (segments * 3 * sizeof (double));
      for (segment = 0; segment < segments; segment++) {
        lms.clear ();
        for (blob_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !blob_it.cycled_list ();
        blob_it.forward ()) {
          if (!blob_it.data ()->joined_to_prev ()) {
            box = blob_it.data ()->bounding_box ();
            middle = (box.left () + box.right ()) / 2.0;
            if (middle >= xstarts[segment]
            && middle < xstarts[segment + 1]) {
              lms.add (FCOORD (middle, box.bottom ()));
            }
          }
        }
        if (textord_quadratic_baselines)
          lms.fit_quadratic (block->line_size *
            textord_spline_outlier_fraction,
            coeffs[segment * 3], b, c);
        else {
          lms.fit (b, c);
          coeffs[segment * 3] = 0;
        }
        coeffs[segment * 3 + 1] = b;
        coeffs[segment * 3 + 2] = c;
      }
    }
    else
      coeffs = linear_spline_baseline (row, block, segments, xstarts);
  }
  else {
    xstarts[1] = xstarts[segments];
    segments = 1;
    coeffs = (double *) alloc_mem (3 * sizeof (double));
    coeffs[0] = 0;
    coeffs[1] = row->line_m ();
    coeffs[2] = row->line_c ();
  }
  row->baseline = QSPLINE (segments, xstarts, coeffs);
  free_mem(coeffs);
  free_mem(xstarts);
}


BOOL8
segment_baseline (               //split baseline
TO_ROW * row,                    //row to fit
TO_BLOCK * block,                //block it came from
INT32 & segments,                //no fo segments
INT32 xstarts[]                  //coords of segments
) {
  BOOL8 needs_curve;             //needs curved line
  int blobcount;                 //no of blobs
  int blobindex;                 //current blob
  int last_state;                //above, on , below
  int state;                     //of current blob
  float yshift;                  //from baseline
  BOX box;                       //blob box
  BOX new_box;                   //new_it box
  float middle;                  //xcentre of blob
                                 //blobs
  BLOBNBOX_IT blob_it = row->blob_list ();
  BLOBNBOX_IT new_it = blob_it;  //front end
  SORTED_FLOATS yshifts;         //shifts from baseline

  needs_curve = FALSE;
  box = box_next_pre_chopped (&blob_it);
  xstarts[0] = box.left ();
  segments = 1;
  blobcount = row->blob_list ()->length ();
  if (textord_oldbl_debug)
    tprintf ("Segmenting baseline of %d blobs at (%d,%d)\n",
      blobcount, box.left (), box.bottom ());
  if (blobcount <= textord_spline_medianwin
  || blobcount < textord_spline_minblobs) {
    blob_it.move_to_last ();
    box = blob_it.data ()->bounding_box ();
    xstarts[1] = box.right ();
    return FALSE;
  }
  last_state = 0;
  new_it.mark_cycle_pt ();
  for (blobindex = 0; blobindex < textord_spline_medianwin; blobindex++) {
    new_box = box_next_pre_chopped (&new_it);
    middle = (new_box.left () + new_box.right ()) / 2.0;
    yshift = new_box.bottom () - row->line_m () * middle - row->line_c ();
                                 //record shift
    yshifts.add (yshift, blobindex);
    if (new_it.cycled_list ()) {
      xstarts[1] = new_box.right ();
      return FALSE;
    }
  }
  for (blobcount = 0; blobcount < textord_spline_medianwin / 2; blobcount++)
    box = box_next_pre_chopped (&blob_it);
  do {
    new_box = box_next_pre_chopped (&new_it);
                                 //get middle one
    yshift = yshifts[textord_spline_medianwin / 2];
    if (yshift > textord_spline_shift_fraction * block->line_size)
      state = 1;
    else if (-yshift > textord_spline_shift_fraction * block->line_size)
      state = -1;
    else
      state = 0;
    if (state != 0)
      needs_curve = TRUE;
    //              tprintf("State=%d, prev=%d, shift=%g\n",
    //                      state,last_state,yshift);
    if (state != last_state && blobcount > textord_spline_minblobs) {
      xstarts[segments++] = box.left ();
      blobcount = 0;
    }
    last_state = state;
    yshifts.remove (blobindex - textord_spline_medianwin);
    box = box_next_pre_chopped (&blob_it);
    middle = (new_box.left () + new_box.right ()) / 2.0;
    yshift = new_box.bottom () - row->line_m () * middle - row->line_c ();
    yshifts.add (yshift, blobindex);
    blobindex++;
    blobcount++;
  }
  while (!new_it.cycled_list ());
  if (blobcount > textord_spline_minblobs || segments == 1) {
    xstarts[segments] = new_box.right ();
  }
  else {
    xstarts[--segments] = new_box.right ();
  }
  if (textord_oldbl_debug)
    tprintf ("Made %d segments on row at (%d,%d)\n",
      segments, box.right (), box.bottom ());
  return needs_curve;
}


double *
linear_spline_baseline (         //split baseline
TO_ROW * row,                    //row to fit
TO_BLOCK * block,                //block it came from
INT32 & segments,                //no fo segments
INT32 xstarts[]                  //coords of segments
) {
  int blobcount;                 //no of blobs
  int blobindex;                 //current blob
  int index1, index2;            //blob numbers
  int blobs_per_segment;         //blobs in each
  BOX box;                       //blob box
  BOX new_box;                   //new_it box
  float middle;                  //xcentre of blob
                                 //blobs
  BLOBNBOX_IT blob_it = row->blob_list ();
  BLOBNBOX_IT new_it = blob_it;  //front end
  float b, c;                    //fitted curve
  LMS lms (row->blob_list ()->length ());
  double *coeffs;                //quadratic coeffs
  INT32 segment;                 //current segment

  box = box_next_pre_chopped (&blob_it);
  xstarts[0] = box.left ();
  blobcount = 1;
  while (!blob_it.at_first ()) {
    blobcount++;
    box = box_next_pre_chopped (&blob_it);
  }
  segments = blobcount / textord_spline_medianwin;
  if (segments < 1)
    segments = 1;
  blobs_per_segment = blobcount / segments;
  coeffs = (double *) alloc_mem (segments * 3 * sizeof (double));
  if (textord_oldbl_debug)
    tprintf
      ("Linear splining baseline of %d blobs at (%d,%d), into %d segments of %d blobs\n",
      blobcount, box.left (), box.bottom (), segments, blobs_per_segment);
  segment = 1;
  for (index2 = 0; index2 < blobs_per_segment / 2; index2++)
    box_next_pre_chopped(&new_it);
  index1 = 0;
  blobindex = index2;
  do {
    blobindex += blobs_per_segment;
    lms.clear ();
    while (index1 < blobindex || segment == segments && index1 < blobcount) {
      box = box_next_pre_chopped (&blob_it);
      middle = (box.left () + box.right ()) / 2.0;
      lms.add (FCOORD (middle, box.bottom ()));
      index1++;
      if (index1 == blobindex - blobs_per_segment / 2
      || index1 == blobcount - 1) {
        xstarts[segment] = box.left ();
      }
    }
    lms.fit (b, c);
    coeffs[segment * 3 - 3] = 0;
    coeffs[segment * 3 - 2] = b;
    coeffs[segment * 3 - 1] = c;
    segment++;
    if (segment > segments)
      break;

    blobindex += blobs_per_segment;
    lms.clear ();
    while (index2 < blobindex || segment == segments && index2 < blobcount) {
      new_box = box_next_pre_chopped (&new_it);
      middle = (new_box.left () + new_box.right ()) / 2.0;
      lms.add (FCOORD (middle, new_box.bottom ()));
      index2++;
      if (index2 == blobindex - blobs_per_segment / 2
      || index2 == blobcount - 1) {
        xstarts[segment] = new_box.left ();
      }
    }
    lms.fit (b, c);
    coeffs[segment * 3 - 3] = 0;
    coeffs[segment * 3 - 2] = b;
    coeffs[segment * 3 - 1] = c;
    segment++;
  }
  while (segment <= segments);
  return coeffs;
}


void assign_blobs_to_rows(                      //find lines
                          TO_BLOCK *block,      //block to do
                          float *gradient,      //block skew
                          int pass,             //identification
                          BOOL8 reject_misses,  //chuck big ones out
                          BOOL8 make_new_rows,  //add rows for unmatched
                          BOOL8 drawing_skew    //draw smoothed skew
                         ) {
  OVERLAP_STATE overlap_result;  //what to do with it
  float ycoord;                  //current y
  float top, bottom;             //of blob
  float g_length = 1.0f;         //from gradient
  INT16 row_count;               //no of rows
  INT16 left_x;                  //left edge
  INT16 last_x;                  //previous edge
  float block_skew;              //y delta
  float smooth_factor;           //for new coords
  float near_dist;               //dist to nearest row
  ICOORD testpt;                 //testing only
  BLOBNBOX *blob;                //current blob
  TO_ROW *row;                   //current row
  TO_ROW *dest_row;              //row to put blob in
                                 //iterators
  BLOBNBOX_IT blob_it = &block->blobs;
  TO_ROW_IT row_it = block->get_rows ();

#ifdef TEXT_VERBOSE
  // gets a 'l', see ccmain/tesseractmain.dox
  cprintf("l");
#endif
  ycoord =
    (block->block->bounding_box ().bottom () +
    block->block->bounding_box ().top ()) / 2.0f;
  if (gradient != NULL)
    g_length = sqrt (1 + *gradient * *gradient);
#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
  if (drawing_skew)
    move2d (to_win, block->block->bounding_box ().left (), ycoord);
#endif
  testpt = ICOORD (textord_test_x, textord_test_y);
  blob_it.sort (blob_x_order);
  smooth_factor = 1.0;
  block_skew = 0.0f;
  row_count = row_it.length ();  //might have rows
  if (!blob_it.empty ()) {
    left_x = blob_it.data ()->bounding_box ().left ();
  }
  else {
    left_x = block->block->bounding_box ().left ();
  }
  last_x = left_x;
  for (blob_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !blob_it.cycled_list (); blob_it.forward ()) {
    blob = blob_it.data ();
    if (gradient != NULL) {
      block_skew = (1 - 1 / g_length) * blob->bounding_box ().bottom ()
        + *gradient / g_length * blob->bounding_box ().left ();
    }
    else if (blob->bounding_box ().left () - last_x > block->line_size / 2
      && last_x - left_x > block->line_size * 2
    && textord_interpolating_skew) {
      //                      tprintf("Interpolating skew from %g",block_skew);
      block_skew *= (float) (blob->bounding_box ().left () - left_x)
        / (last_x - left_x);
      //                      tprintf("to %g\n",block_skew);
    }
    last_x = blob->bounding_box ().left ();
    top = blob->bounding_box ().top () - block_skew;
    bottom = blob->bounding_box ().bottom () - block_skew;
#ifndef GRAPHICS_DISABLED
    if (drawing_skew)
      draw2d (to_win, blob->bounding_box ().left (), ycoord + block_skew);
#endif
    if (!row_it.empty ()) {
      for (row_it.move_to_first ();
        !row_it.at_last () && row_it.data ()->min_y () > top;
        row_it.forward ());
      row = row_it.data ();
      if (row->min_y () <= top && row->max_y () >= bottom) {
      //any overlap
        dest_row = row;
        overlap_result = most_overlapping_row (&row_it, dest_row,
          top, bottom,
          block->line_size,
          blob->bounding_box ().
          contains (testpt));
        if (overlap_result == NEW_ROW && !reject_misses)
          overlap_result = ASSIGN;
      }
      else {
        overlap_result = NEW_ROW;
        if (!make_new_rows) {
          near_dist = row_it.data_relative (-1)->min_y () - top;
                                 //below bottom
          if (bottom < row->min_y ()) {
            if (row->min_y () - bottom <=
              (block->line_spacing -
            block->line_size) * textord_merge_desc) {
                                 //done it
              overlap_result = ASSIGN;
              dest_row = row;
            }
          }
          else if (near_dist > 0
          && near_dist < bottom - row->max_y ()) {
            row_it.backward ();
            dest_row = row_it.data ();
            if (dest_row->min_y () - bottom <=
              (block->line_spacing -
            block->line_size) * textord_merge_desc) {
                                 //done it
              overlap_result = ASSIGN;
            }
          }
          else {
            if (top - row->max_y () <=
              (block->line_spacing -
              block->line_size) * (textord_merge_x +
            textord_merge_asc)) {
                                 //done it
              overlap_result = ASSIGN;
              dest_row = row;
            }
          }
        }
      }
      if (overlap_result == ASSIGN)
        dest_row->add_blob (blob_it.extract (), top, bottom,
          block->line_size);
      if (overlap_result == NEW_ROW) {
        if (make_new_rows && top - bottom < block->max_blob_size) {
          dest_row =
            new TO_ROW (blob_it.extract (), top, bottom,
            block->line_size);
          row_count++;
          if (bottom > row_it.data ()->min_y ())
            row_it.add_before_then_move (dest_row);
          //insert in right place
          else
            row_it.add_after_then_move (dest_row);
          smooth_factor =
            1.0 / (row_count * textord_skew_lag +
            textord_skewsmooth_offset);
        }
        else
          overlap_result = REJECT;
      }
    }
    else if (make_new_rows && top - bottom < block->max_blob_size) {
      overlap_result = NEW_ROW;
      dest_row =
        new TO_ROW (blob_it.extract (), top, bottom, block->line_size);
      row_count++;
      row_it.add_after_then_move (dest_row);
      smooth_factor = 1.0 / (row_count * textord_skew_lag + 1);
    }
    else
      overlap_result = REJECT;
    if (blob->bounding_box ().contains (testpt)) {
      if (overlap_result != REJECT) {
        tprintf ("Test blob assigned to row at (%g,%g) on pass %d\n",
          dest_row->min_y (), dest_row->max_y (), pass);
      }
      else {
        tprintf ("Test blob assigned to no row on pass %d\n", pass);
      }
    }
    if (overlap_result != REJECT) {
      while (!row_it.at_first ()
        && row_it.data ()->min_y () >
      row_it.data_relative (-1)->min_y ()) {
        row = row_it.extract ();
        row_it.backward ();
        row_it.add_before_then_move (row);
      }
      while (!row_it.at_last ()
        && row_it.data ()->min_y () <
      row_it.data_relative (1)->min_y ()) {
        row = row_it.extract ();
        row_it.forward ();
                                 //keep rows in order
        row_it.add_after_then_move (row);
      }
      block_skew = (1 - smooth_factor) * block_skew
        + smooth_factor * (blob->bounding_box ().bottom () -
        dest_row->initial_min_y ());
    }
  }
  for (row_it.mark_cycle_pt (); !row_it.cycled_list (); row_it.forward ()) {
    if (row_it.data ()->blob_list ()->empty ())
      delete row_it.extract ();  //discard empty rows
  }
}


OVERLAP_STATE most_overlapping_row(                    //find best row
                                   TO_ROW_IT *row_it,  //iterator
                                   TO_ROW *&best_row,  //output row
                                   float top,          //top of blob
                                   float bottom,       //bottom of blob
                                   float rowsize,      //max row size
                                   BOOL8 testing_blob  //test stuff
                                  ) {
  OVERLAP_STATE result;          //result of tests
  float overlap;                 //of blob & row
  float bestover;                //nearest row
  float merge_top, merge_bottom; //size of merged row
  ICOORD testpt;                 //testing only
  TO_ROW *row;                   //current row
  TO_ROW *test_row;              //for multiple overlaps
  BLOBNBOX_IT blob_it;           //for merging rows

  result = ASSIGN;
  row = row_it->data ();
  bestover = top - bottom;
  if (top > row->max_y ())
    bestover -= top - row->max_y ();
  if (bottom < row->min_y ())
                                 //compute overlap
    bestover -= row->min_y () - bottom;
  if (testing_blob) {
    tprintf ("Test blob y=(%g,%g), row=(%f,%f), overlap=%f\n",
      bottom, top, row->min_y (), row->max_y (), bestover);
  }
  test_row = row;
  do {
    if (!row_it->at_last ()) {
      row_it->forward ();
      test_row = row_it->data ();
      if (test_row->min_y () <= top && test_row->max_y () >= bottom) {
        merge_top =
          test_row->max_y () >
          row->max_y ()? test_row->max_y () : row->max_y ();
        merge_bottom =
          test_row->min_y () <
          row->min_y ()? test_row->min_y () : row->min_y ();
        if (merge_top - merge_bottom <= rowsize) {
          if (testing_blob) {
            tprintf ("Merging rows at (%g,%g), (%g,%g)\n",
              row->min_y (), row->max_y (),
              test_row->min_y (), test_row->max_y ());
          }
          test_row->set_limits (merge_bottom, merge_top);
          blob_it.set_to_list (test_row->blob_list ());
          blob_it.add_list_after (row->blob_list ());
          blob_it.sort (blob_x_order);
          row_it->backward ();
          delete row_it->extract ();
          row_it->forward ();
          bestover = -1.0f;      //force replacement
        }
        overlap = top - bottom;
        if (top > test_row->max_y ())
          overlap -= top - test_row->max_y ();
        if (bottom < test_row->min_y ())
          overlap -= test_row->min_y () - bottom;
        if (bestover >= rowsize - 1 && overlap >= rowsize - 1) {
          result = REJECT;
        }
        if (overlap > bestover) {
          bestover = overlap;    //find biggest overlap
          row = test_row;
        }
        if (testing_blob) {
          tprintf
            ("Test blob y=(%g,%g), row=(%f,%f), overlap=%f->%f\n",
            bottom, top, test_row->min_y (), test_row->max_y (),
            overlap, bestover);
        }
      }
    }
  }
  while (!row_it->at_last ()
    && test_row->min_y () <= top && test_row->max_y () >= bottom);
  while (row_it->data () != row)
    row_it->backward ();         //make it point to row

  //doesn't overlap much
  if (top - bottom - bestover > rowsize * textord_merge_x
     && (!textord_fix_makerow_bug || bestover < rowsize * textord_merge_x)
     && result == ASSIGN)
    result = NEW_ROW;            //doesn't overlap enough
  best_row = row;
  return result;
}


int blob_x_order(                    //sort function
                 const void *item1,  //items to compare
                 const void *item2) {
                                 //converted ptr
  BLOBNBOX *blob1 = *(BLOBNBOX **) item1;
                                 //converted ptr
  BLOBNBOX *blob2 = *(BLOBNBOX **) item2;

  if (blob1->bounding_box ().left () < blob2->bounding_box ().left ())
    return -1;
  else if (blob1->bounding_box ().left () > blob2->bounding_box ().left ())
    return 1;
  else
    return 0;
}


int row_y_order(                    //sort function
                const void *item1,  //items to compare
                const void *item2) {
                                 //converted ptr
  TO_ROW *row1 = *(TO_ROW **) item1;
                                 //converted ptr
  TO_ROW *row2 = *(TO_ROW **) item2;

  if (row1->parallel_c () > row2->parallel_c ())
    return -1;
  else if (row1->parallel_c () < row2->parallel_c ())
    return 1;
  else
    return 0;
}


int row_spacing_order(                    //sort function
                      const void *item1,  //items to compare
                      const void *item2) {
                                 //converted ptr
  TO_ROW *row1 = *(TO_ROW **) item1;
                                 //converted ptr
  TO_ROW *row2 = *(TO_ROW **) item2;

  if (row1->spacing < row2->spacing)
    return -1;
  else if (row1->spacing > row2->spacing)
    return 1;
  else
    return 0;
}

---